Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. Article The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Brain Res Rev. Suhhova et al. Mortazavi et al. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. 2005;130:591600. How a Microwave effects the human body? by jesse aarons - Prezi Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Electromagn Biol Med. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. California Privacy Statement, PubMedGoogle Scholar. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). 2015;91:30611. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Kwon et al. 2004;2004:19. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. The conclusions are shown in Table3. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Joubert et al. 2007;34:146779. CAS However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. PubMed Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. 2004;115:1490505. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. 2000;11:16413. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. 2011;174:211. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. 2015;36:4804. PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. J Natl Cancer Inst. CAS An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Microwave Radiations and Its Effects on Human Health-A Review Appl Biochem Biotechnol. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. 2016;74:99107. Gold PE. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. The biological effects of radio waves on human body tissues - ResearchGate PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Clinics. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Wang et al. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. 2008;86:718. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. 2002;5:18995. JAMA. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Richter et al. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. 2002;64:31353. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. Trends Cell Biol. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Wang et al. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Ning et al. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Int J Radiat Biol. 2006;5:389. Trends Neurosci. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Eastern J Med. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Google Scholar. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group.