endobj CHAPTER 6 Chemical Bonding SECTION 1 Introduction to Chemical Bonding OBJECTIVES 1. If the metal can form ions with different charges, a Roman numeral in parentheses follows the name of the metal to specify its charge. The number of atoms in a mole of any pure substance, Ionic and Metallic Bonding BNDING AND INTERACTINS 71 Ions For students using the Foundation edition, assign problems 1, 3 5, 7 12, 14, 15, 18 20 Essential Understanding Ions form when atoms gain or lose, Oxidation States of Nitrogen HNO 3 NH 3 HNO 2 NO N 2 O N 2 HN 3 N 2 H 5 + +3 +2 +1 0-1/3-2 Oxidation +5-3 Reduction Oxidation States of Chlorine HClO 4 HClO 3 ClO 2 HClO 2 HClO Cl 2 HCl +5 +4 +3 +1 0 Oxidation, AP Chem Summer Assignment Worksheet #1 Atomic Structure 1. a) For the ion 39 K +, state how many electrons, how many protons, and how many 19 neutrons are present? a. ionic b. binary . &=\mathrm{[436+243]2(432)=185\:kJ} The Molecular Formula for Water. This means you need to figure out how many of each ion you need to balance out the charge! Ch. 6 (Section 6.3 Workbook Questions), Chemical Bonds (Mrs - Quizlet The charge of the metal ion is determined from the formula of the compound and the charge of the anion. WKS 6.3 - LDS for Ionic Compounds (2 pages) Fill in the chart below. We now have one mole of Cs cations and one mole of F anions. 3. A positive charge indicates an absence of electrons, while a negative charge indicates an addition of electrons. The simplest of these are binary compounds, those containing only two elements, but we will also consider how to name ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions, and one specific, very important class of compounds known as acids (subsequent chapters in this text will focus on these compounds in great detail). Lewis diagrams, or Lewis structures, are a way of drawing molecular structures and showing the present valence electrons and bonds. Look at the label or ingredients list on the various products that you use during the next few days, and see if you run into any of those in this table, or find other ionic compounds that you could now name or write as a formula. Which, 9 CHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULAS SECTION 9.1 NAMING IONS (pages 253 258) This section explains the use of the periodic table to determine the charge of an ion. Draw brackets around the lewis dot structures of the cation and anion and draw the charges outside of the brackets. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy; the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it. 3 - L D S f o r I o n i c C o m p o u n d s ( c o n t i n u e d ) D r a w j u s t t h e f i n a l L e w i s d o t s t r u c t u r e f o r e a c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g I O N I C c o m p o u n d s . When compared to H 2 S, H 2 O has a higher 8. He is stable with 2 valence electrons (duet). endobj These two compounds are then unambiguously named iron(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride, respectively. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Is the following sentence true or false? Thus, if you are looking up lattice energies in another reference, be certain to check which definition is being used. Here is the lewis dot structure: Image Courtesy of Wayne Breslyn If the difference is greater than 1.7 (or above 2.0 in some books): The bond is ionic. You will need to determine how many of each ion you will need to form a neutral formula. Naming Ionic Compounds Using -ous and -ic . For ionic bonds, the lattice energy is the energy required to separate one mole of a compound into its gas phase ions. We begin with the elements in their most common states, Cs(s) and F2(g). Don't confuse the term "coefficient" with "subscript" or "superscript.". Chapter 6.3 : Ionic Bonding and Ionic Compounds Lone pairs: pairs of electrons that are localized around a single atom and are not shared with any other atoms. \(H^\circ_\ce f\), the standard enthalpy of formation of the compound, \(H^\circ_s\), the enthalpy of sublimation of the metal, D, the bond dissociation energy of the nonmetal, Bond energy for a diatomic molecule: \(\ce{XY}(g)\ce{X}(g)+\ce{Y}(g)\hspace{20px}\ce{D_{XY}}=H\), Lattice energy for a solid MX: \(\ce{MX}(s)\ce M^{n+}(g)+\ce X^{n}(g)\hspace{20px}H_\ce{lattice}\), Lattice energy for an ionic crystal: \(H_\ce{lattice}=\mathrm{\dfrac{C(Z^+)(Z^-)}{R_o}}\). When one mole each of gaseous Na+ and Cl ions form solid NaCl, 769 kJ of heat is released. The name of an ionic compound must distinguish the compound from other ionic compounds containing the same elements., What information is provided by the formula for an ionic compound?, Circle the letter of the word that describes a compound made from only two elements. \end {align*} \nonumber \]. Since the compound has a charge, we would just have to take one electron away. It also defines cation and anion, Naming Ionic Compounds I. Names and formulas of ionic compounds. Ionic compounds form when atoms connect to one another by ionic bonds. Therefore, there is a total of 22 valence electrons in this compound. WN2dq+|/SPyN0n7US9K[yTi&CZcyWJu/X;z+&DU~{LsIxEn.C!-?.KP/rV/c8ntrLViiCK/%$$Tz7X[Hs|nev&cNQ |X 6' 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds- Electrons Transferred Particles with a positive or negative charge are called ions. When the number of protons equals the number of electrons an atom has a _________________________ charge. Ionic Compounds. REMEMBER: include brackets with a charge for . Therefore, we should form two double bonds. 100. You will need to determine how many of each ion you will need to form a neutral formula unit (compound) Cation LDS Anion LDS Algebra for neutral formula unit IONIC COMPOUND LDS Na + Cl Na [Na]+ Cl [ Cl ] x(+1) + y(-1) = 0 [Na]+ [ Cl ] 1. Monatomic ions are formed from single atoms that have gained or lost electrons. The high-temperature reaction of steam and carbon produces a mixture of the gases carbon monoxide, CO, and hydrogen, H2, from which methanol can be produced. Also, all of these are predicted to be covalent compounds. Composition 1. Explain. REMEMBER THE NAMING PATTERN FOR ANIONS - THEY HAVE AN - IDE ENDING! Thus, the lattice energy can be calculated from other values. Twice that value is 184.6 kJ, which agrees well with the answer obtained earlier for the formation of two moles of HCl. It also defines polyatomic ion and gives the, Naming Compounds Handout Key p. 2 Name each of the following monatomic cations: Li + = lithium ion Ag + = silver ion Cd +2 = cadmium ion Cu +2 = copper (II) ion Al +3 = aluminum ion Mg +2 = magnesium ion, Naming Ionic Compounds Answer Key Give the name of the following ionic compounds: Name 1) Na 2 CO 3 sodium carbonate 2) NaOH sodium hydroxide 3) MgBr 2 magnesium bromide 4) KCl potassium chloride 5) FeCl. Solid ammonium carbonate is heated. Draw full octets on all three atoms. The positive ion, called a cation, is listed first in an ionic . Naming ionic compound with polyvalent ion. Bonding pairs: pairs of electrons found in the shared space between atoms (often represented by a dash), Ionic Lewis dot structures are very easy to draw out since ionic bonds form due to a transfer of electrons!. Polyatomic ions are ions comprised of more than one atom. Indicate whether the intermolecular force (IMF) is predominantly H-bonding, Dipole-dipole, or London Dispersion. Chemical bonding is the process of atoms combining to form new substances. There CAN be exceptions to the rules, so be careful when drawing Lewis dot structures. It can be obtained by the fermentation of sugar or synthesized by the hydration of ethylene in the following reaction: Using the bond energies in Table \(\PageIndex{2}\), calculate an approximate enthalpy change, H, for this reaction. Relative atomic masses of, UNIT (2) ATOMS AND ELEMENTS 2.1 Elements An element is a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler substances. Legal. > y -U bjbj 4\ { { : & & $ $ $ 8 \ $ a , , B B B w) w) w) ` ` ` ` ` ` ` $ ,c e ` E w) ( l w) w) w) ` B B @a / / / w) B B ` / w) ` / / Z X X S^ B i + | [ ( ` Va 0 a \ D f , T f P S^ S^ f ^ w) w) / w) w) w) w) w) ` ` U- w) w) w) a w) w) w) w) f w) w) w) w) w) w) w) w) w) & F : WKS 6.1 - Classifying Ionic versus Covalent / Lewis Dot Structures of Atoms Classify the following compounds as ionic ([metal or ammonium ion] + [non-metal or polyatomic ion]), covalent (nonmetal+ nonmetal). 100. Objectives<br />Compare and contrast a chemical formula for a molecular compound with one for an ionic compound<br />Discuss the arrangements of ions in crystals<br />Define lattice energy and explain its significance<br />List and compare the distinctive properties of ionic and . Periodic table 1. 3.5: Ionic Compounds- Formulas and Names is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. This accounts for a total of 16 valence electrons since the carbon atom has four and each of the two sulfur atoms have six. What is the attraction between a nonmetal (anion) and metal (cation) 100. Hence, the ionic compound potassium chloride with the formula KCl is formed. By doing this, we can observe how the structure of an atom impacts the way it bonds. List of Common Polyatomic Ions - ThoughtCo In this expression, the symbol \(\Sigma\) means the sum of and D represents the bond energy in kilojoules per mole, which is always a positive number. The simplest name, iron chloride, will, in this case, be ambiguous, as it does not distinguish between these two compounds. Thus, Al2O3 would have a shorter interionic distance than Al2Se3, and Al2O3 would have the larger lattice energy. Converting one mole of fluorine atoms into fluoride ions is an exothermic process, so this step gives off energy (the electron affinity) and is shown as decreasing along the y-axis. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. Circle your answers: C, Na, F, Cs, Ba, Ni Which metal in the list above has the most metallic character? The 415 kJ/mol value is the average, not the exact value required to break any one bond. If the compound is molecular, does it contain hydrogen? Here are a few examples, but we'll go through some more using these steps! To name an inorganic compound, we need to consider the answers to several questions. The total energy involved in this conversion is equal to the experimentally determined enthalpy of formation, \(H^\circ_\ce f\), of the compound from its elements. Write a summary of how to find valence electrons and drawing Lewis Dot Structures (LDS) using the Periodic Table Below. These ions combine to produce solid cesium fluoride. In ionic compounds, electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another so that a cationpositively charged ionand an anionnegatively charged ionform. What are Ionic Compounds? - Definition, Structure, Properties - BYJUS Breaking a bond always require energy to be added to the molecule. This question is taken from the Chemistry Advanced Placement Examination and is used with the permission of the Educational Testing Service. For ionic compounds, lattice energies are associated with many interactions, as cations and anions pack together in an extended lattice. PDF WKS 6.1 - Classifying Ionic versus Covalent / Lewis Dot Structures of Atoms \end {align*} \nonumber \]. 3) Model covalent, Decomposition 1. dr+aB is associated with the stability of the noble gases. A(n) __________________________ bond is a bond in which one atom donates electrons to another atom. Compare the stability of a lithium atom with that of its ion, Li. We saw this in the formation of NaCl. Common anions are non-metals. The answer will be provided at the end. (ex: mono = 1, di = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5, hexa = 6) MoleculeLewis Dot Structure# bonds on central atom# non-bonded pairs of electrons on central atomGeneral ABX FormulaDoes the particle resonate? This excess energy is released as heat, so the reaction is exothermic. We will limit our attention here to inorganic compounds, compounds that are composed principally of elements other than carbon, and will follow the nomenclature guidelines proposed by IUPAC. Common Anions Table and Formulas List. K + F 2. Keep in mind, however, that these are not directly comparable values. To form two moles of HCl, one mole of HH bonds and one mole of ClCl bonds must be broken. It has many uses in industry, and it is the alcohol contained in alcoholic beverages. Covalent LDS. Some atoms have an odd number of valence electrons, so they would not be able to neatly fit into the octet rule.
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