In the case of Nigeria - how the oil money will be (in)judiciously dealt with. Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. This was many times more the population of most African countries then. ideology, federalism becomes the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. 3. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. Pls visit us again dear reader. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. /Contents 4 0 R He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? >> Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. The Emergence of Nigeria as a political entity under colonial rule was not an easy affair. /Length 3884 Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. The states were later increased to 30 states. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. /F7 24 0 R Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. What a nice article, very educative for students in school, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Economic factors and Diversities in culture. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. Prof. Jan Robert Go of the Department of Political Science, UP Diliman. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. PDF Nigerian Federalism: Issues, Challenges and Prospects To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . /Width 371 In Nigeria, the main reason for the adoption of a federal arrangement was the sociological complexity of the society, its ethnic and geographical diversity. The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. PDF The 2015 General Elections: Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and 1. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. 4 Topics . By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. Changes in Branch Office Registration Requirements Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Nigeria- Constitutional Developments Political Economy Judiciary and However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. /BitsPerComponent 8 /F2 9 0 R Federalism and the United States Constitution - ThoughtCo As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. (PDF) Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria: An Analysis of - ResearchGate Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. s" For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. In this article, i will comprehensively discuss the reasons for federalism in Nigeria. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. 2. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? 3 0 obj Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. Nigeria: A Federation in Search of Federalism +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. PDF Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria: Theory and Dimensions Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. stream Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. << Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. Ethnic Minorities and Federalism in Nigeria - JSTOR Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. Each state has the same level of self-governance. V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. /Font << 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? He rejects the assertion that From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. It also decided that the Public . Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, Institutional Engineering and the Survival of Nigerian Federalism, " Managing a Plural Society : the Boomerang Effects of Nigerian Federalism' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 27, 1-2 (July 1989), 218-245, An Historical Interrogation of Federalism berlin, THE PRACTICE OF TRUE FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, "The dawn of constitutionalism in Nigeria in Mbondenyi, M. K., and Ojienda T. In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. This is another reason for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. >> Thus, Nigeria's federalism is not only complex but also hard to understand. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. Take for example, in the Nigerian case of Attorney General of Federation v Attorney General of Abia and others (2002) 3 NCLR 1ar p 54, the issue of resource control in a true federalism was the bone of contention in that matter.
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