Amlioration des proprits physico-mcaniques des argiles gonflantes stabilises par ajout de sable de dune, in 3me Confrence Maghrbine en Ingnierie Gotechnique CMIG13, Alger, 221226. Property Risk Assessment for Expansive Soils in Louisiana. Foundations can be built with extensive reinforcements that can withstand the force generated from expansive soils. Indian Standard Classification and Identification of Soils for General Engineering Purposes. (1989). Deformation in case 1: (1) = l(1) / l(1) = 0.54 / 19 = 0.028. Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Determination of liquid and plastic limit (second revision), IS: 2720 (Part 26)-1987. Mintek has a full innovation center that offers soil testing. Shrinking-swelling of clay under the Effect of Hydric Cycles. Building and Road Research Institute. (1994). Skempton, A. W. (1953). In many cases the homeowner noticed the problem, didnt realize its severity, didnt realize that it was progressing, and the problem progressed to a point where repair didnt make economic sense. ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 24(6):707714, Yadu L, Tripathi RK, Singh D (2011) Comparison of fly ash and rice husk ash stabilized black cotton soil. In case of Lime the reduction in strength may be due to formation of the silica gel or excess Lime content beyond the optimum content may act as a lubricating agent between two-soil particle and reducing the shear resistance. Another very common sign of expansive soil heave is cracking and lifting of the floor slab of a two-car garage. The soil swelling continued until 0.54mm upward displacement after 24h, subject to 11.85kPa vertical stress (Figure 15A). Expansive soils are present, at least in some degree, in all 50 states. Your email address will not be published. Foundations on Expansive Soils. J. Geotech. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. Laboratory testing is important to determine the soil type and the amount of clay content. Caractrisation et estimation du gonflement des argiles algriennes, cas des argiles de Mda. Herrin M, Mitchell H (1961) Lime-soil mixtures. doi:10.1007/s41062-016-0043-6, Mostafiz, R. B., Friedland, C. J., Rohli, R. V., Bushra, N., and Held, C. L. (2021). Front. Eng. J Construct Build Mater 19(2005):448453, Brooks RM (2009) Soil Stabilization with Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash. J Eng Geol 17(27):139140, Fattah MY, Rahil FH, Al-Soudany KYH (2013) Improvement of clayey soil using rice husk ash. Master's thesis (College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University, USA). moisture content changes. This change in volume can exert enough force and enough pressure on a home or other structure to cause serious cosmetic and structural damage. Chemical Treatment of Expansive Soil by Different saline Solutions, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 341349. Cracked foundations, floors, and basement walls are typical types of damage done by swelling soils. Int J Earth Sci Eng 4(6):4245, Al-Mukhtar M, Khattab S, Alcover JF (2012) Microstructure and geotechnical properties of limetreated expansive clayey soil. In case of RHA the reduction in strength may be due to the formation of coarse particles which results in lower densities and more void formation. Kehew, E. A. How to Identify Expansive Soils - Structville Have you ever wondered why the Leaning Tower of Pisa leans? The liquid limit and plastic limits were determined as per IS: 2720 (part 5)-1985 [].The pH for both the soils provided in Table 1 has been found out as per IS: 2720 (part 26)-1987 [].The plasticity index is accounted as the numerical difference between . Hussain, M., and Dash, S. K. (2011). Octahedral sheets are sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets in 2:1 clays, while 1:1 clays have sheets in matched pairs. Therefore, based on those two classification methods the swelling characterization is not confirmed. Moving soil exerts tremendous pressure on paving, footings, and foundations. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The chemical composition of its inner layers prevents water from entering its structure. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 55. This article is published in Vadose Zone Journal.The article was published on 2017-11-01. [2], Mitigation of the effects of expansive clay on structures built in areas with expansive clays is a major challenge in geotechnical engineering. When large amounts of water is held by a soil it can lead to an increase in volume which can produce expansive forces. J. Environ. Technol. Water Way Exp. As for mitigation, adequate methods to prevent the swell effect should be formulated. The name chlorite comes from the Greek word for green, its typical color. According to the classification by Chen (1975), the physical parameters of this sample, given in Table 4, indicate that it has a medium swell potential. Solved Describe in detail the differences between Expansive - Chegg Deformation in case 2 : (2) = l(2) / l(2) = 0.22 / 10 = 0.022, which approximates 78.6% of (1). Local occurrences While soils with larger particles, like gravels or even sands, have voids large enough to allow water to drain, expansive soils contain small particles that can retain high amounts of water content. Finding the optimum efficiency and thickness of the granular layer to reduce the swelling pressure is the objective. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. PDF Foundations on Expansive Soils - Ijert The study focusses on comparative analysis of mechanical properties of Bentonite (expansive soil) and Kaolinite (non-expansive soil) treated with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). Expansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. Recent research on local expansive clays has focused on the Eng. There are also some sulfate salts Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India, Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India, You can also search for this author in Certain soils can absorb a high amount of water resulting in an increase in volume and swell. Case 1: For the first hour and a half, it is clear that case ones curve, shown in Figure 14A, keeps the swelling at a medium rate, approximately 38.4nm/s. Influence of Soil Suction on Swelling Pressure of Bentonite-Sand Mixtures. (B) Free swellTime curve of case 2 (47% Sand +47% S1) under 0.25kPa. | Careers |Privacy policy | Terms and Conditions | Contact Us | Sitemap. As the name implies, expansive soils are expansive. By referring to Sridharan and Prakash (2016), this specimen has low activity and a low probability to swell. Expansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. Hobart king, "Expansive Soil and Expansive Clay: The hidden force behind basement and foundation problems". To better illustrate this process, exchangeable cations are attracted to the surface of the negatively charged clay particles. Proc. Indeed, the mass of sand layer and porous stone is 167.2g and the oedometer ring diameter is 7cm. How to Defeat Expansive Soils - CSE for Landscape Architects Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IIT Kharagpur. Countless buildings in many cities across the globe, both large and small, are built on expansive soils. Inexpensive adjective. Doors and windows may not function like they once did while furnace or plumbing piping could even be bent as a result of soils expanding and contracting. Div. Geology.com. (reaffirmed 1987). The unique load on the sample is the mass of the porous stone which is converted to a pressure of 0.25kPa. Expansive soil is generally a clay that is inherently susceptible to swelling and shrinking due to its chemical composition. Therefore, the suggested method of classification is applicable both for expansive and non-expansive soils. Expansive soils contain minerals, such assmectite clays, that are prone to absorb copious amounts of moisture. Is sand an expansive soil? FIGURE 10. A comparison between the behaviour of swelling and of collapsing soils They usually contain some form of expansive clay mineral, such as smectite or vermiculite, that are able to absorb water and swell, increasing in volume, when they get wet and shrink . On the presumed expansive clays specimens, oedometer tests are preceded by the free swelling test from which the swelling pressure is measured. remains constant. - 45.55.186.116. In addition, these recommendations often include removal of the expansive soils, importation of non-expansive soils, soil chemical treatments, a post-tensioned or structural floor foundation, gutters, and downspouts. Less than 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. Some areas have more expansive soils than others (see map below from Geology.com). Expansive soil has been studied for eighty decades because it is prone to cause geotechnical engineering accidents. Based on oedometer curves, when the Cc/Cs ratio exceeds 10, the soil is concluded to be either non-swelling or its swelling potential is negligible. (2012). Compression index (Cc) and the swelling index (Cs) are determined from an oedometer test during which the tested soil specimen is permanently submerged, hence full saturation condition applies for the tested soil specimen during loading and unloading steps. Less than 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with clays of high swelling potential. Remediating Expansive (Shrink-Swell) Soils. Then, which methods are suitable for measuring the swelling pressure. Turns out, dirt has a heckuva lot of sobriquets. Previously expanded soils that have since contracted contain cracks or voids left behind by the loss of moisture. Received: 15 December 2021; Accepted: 15 February 2022;Published: 24 March 2022. Correspondence to Int J Eng Res Technol 2(11):37223727. Read the following articles to get a better understanding of the signs and symptoms: If you think that you might have expansive soils and are concerned it might be impacting your home, health, or peace of mind, click on our link below for a FREE foundation inspection if you live in Central AZ or Southern California , Your email address will not be published. The more water they absorb, the more their volume increases. Since 1994 Mintek Resources, Inc. has provided solutions to the Environmental, Construction, Agricultural, Oil & Gas, Waste Water Treatment, Industrial markets & more. Expansive Soil And Foundation Cracks Video. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Innov. J Geotech Test 28(3):240246, Greaves HM (1996) An introduction to lime stabilization. Comparative Study of Expansive and Non-expansive Soils Stabilized with The article focuses on the topic(s): Expansive clay. In North of Tunisia, several projects are in progress where expansive clays exist from the ground surface and extend to deep layers. (2021). This involves excavation of expansive soil and replacement with non-expansive material, where the depth of active zone (depth from ground surface wherein seasonal moisturethe shear strength of foundation expansive soils. Even though expansive soils cause enormous amounts of damage, most people have never heard of them. (1995). Hence, studying the behaviour of foundations on expansive soils is a theme of high interest, in particular for many African countries (Kalantari, 2012; Nelson et al., 2015; Sridharan and Prakash, 2016). Cement and Lime Stabilization of Compacted Expansive Clay, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 369377. Expansive Soils and Practice in Foundation Engineering, in Louisiana Transportation Conference, Baton Rouge. (2016). When they take on water, they increase in volume. During the unloading phase, comparison between Figures 7A,B indicate that the increase in thickness of the expansive soil specimen is not only attributed to the release of vertical stress, the second fact is attributed to the swell induced by the infiltrated water within the soil specimen. The situation where greatest damage occurs is when there are significant and repeated This shrinkage canremovestructural support from a home or structure and result in damaging subsidence. Expansive soils alsoshrink, compress when they dry out. (1983). Comparative Study of Expansive and Non-expansive Soils Stabilized with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). The swelling phenomenon in expansive clays is complex and arises from an electrochemical process. See our article: Homeowners Insurance and Geologic Hazards. An intact sample from the S1 core, of water content 15.9%, is placed in the oedometer ring as shown in Figure 11. J Geotech Test 28(3):240246, Greaves HM (1996) An introduction to lime stabilization. portion of the land and where expansive soils might be a localized problem. Expansive clays have an expanding crystal lattice in a 2:1 ratio; however, there are 2:1 non-expansive clays. doi:10.1061/jsfeaq.0000431. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. The molecules of water are polar, and are attracted to the surface of the clay particles. The map on this page shows the generalized geographic distribution of soils that are known to have expandable clay minerals which can cause damage to foundations and structures. Expansive soils have the ability to drastically swell based on the amount of expansive minerals and moisture that is present in the soil. FIGURE 14. Unexpensive adjective. . MATEC Web of Conferences 11, 03004. doi:10.1051/matecconf/20141103004, Medjnoun, A., and Bahar, R. (2016). (Check out our5 Types of Residential Foundations Popular in America: A Brief Foundational Overview. One laboratory test to measure the expansion potential of soil is ASTM D 4829. This change in volume can exert enough force on a building or other structure to cause damage. Mineral Sensitivity of Petroleum-Bearing Formations**After Civan, 1999a, 2001c SPE, Parts Reprinted by Permission of the Society of Petroleum Engineers from SPE 52134 and SPE 67293. Expansive soils are having inherent property of shrinking when it is dried and swelling when water is absorbed. beidellite, vermiculite, attapulgite, nontronite, and chlorite. The space between the clay particles is smaller than the dimensions of some cations. 88 (3), 5387. The problem is so unfamiliar to the average homeowner that they don't know what to call it. The research results indicate that the soil in Gedebage is expansive soil that has very high swelling properties with a Plasticity Index (PI) value of 48.09%. Even though irrigation is expensive, the cost is small compared to repairing a cracked foundation. Waterproof barriers, proper surface grading and other water flow controls such as rain gutters and French drains can be used to control water penetration. The volume of expansive soils changes according to their moisture content (Figure 1). J Eng Geol 42(1996):223237, CrossRef Eng. Each time, the swelling evolution attains a plateau corresponding to the end of swelling. As an adverb cheap is cheaply. Experimental and Numerical Study on Swelling Potential Estimation of Expansive Clay Mixtures, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 281288. Tuesday, January 23, 2018 An Overview Expansive soils, also known as soils with high shrink-swell potential, are common in various geographic regions, especially the central portion of North America. When water is absorbed by a clayey soil which had shrunk by evaporation of pore water, the compression forces between soil particles reduces considerably and elastic expansion occurs and this cause swelling. J Mater Civil Eng 19(3):242248, Neville AM, Brooks JJ (2004) Concrete technology. Int J Eng Res Technol 2(11):37223727. The novelty of the present study relies on adopting a different analysis, as compared to existing methods, based on oedometer data, especially the compression and swelling indices. Tiwari, N., Saytam, N., and Patva, J. An Evaluation of Expedient of Methodology for Identification of Potentially Expansive Soils, in Soils and Pavements Lab, US Army Eng. This is due to the weakness of layer liaisons. Throughout the ratio Cc/Cs value, one can perceive if the tested soil is expansive or non-expansive, without the need for the measurement of the swell pressure in the free swell phase. The second factor overcoming the swelling behaviour is the migration of cations. Swelling or expansive clays increase in volume, while loessial collapsing soils decrease in volume when theirmoisture content increases under constant applied stress. 978-1-118-41799-7. Disturbed clay sample, S1 sample. 4 (18), 32313237. Source: Map courtesy of https://geology.com/articles/soil/. Expansive soils behave differently from other normal soils due to their tendency to swell and shrink. Case 2: Upward vertical displacement vs time displayed in Figure 14B shows a different evolution as recorded for the specimen case 1 (Figure 14A). Expansive soils are comprised primarily of minerals (incredibly fine particles) with little to no organic material and are thus incredibly viscous, proving difficult to drain. 8:836277. doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2022.836277. 2A assumes A sagging or uneven roof can also be the result of soil expansion and shrinkage. This stress/pressure results in signs and symptoms that can be traced directly back to foundation issues instigated by expansive soil. Kaling Taki . Symp. Geotech Geol. To reduce the swelling pressure, there are many methods proposed such as the use of piles (Kay, 1990; Al-Busoda et al., 2017), chemical treatments (Lahmadi et al., 2013; Mahamedi and Khemissa, 2013) and soil mixture (Gueddouda et al., 2013; Fattah et al., 2017; Tiwari et al., 2019). In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. Chen, F. H. (1975). Then, the swelling stabilized during 02h 30min. What is non expansive soil? - Studybuff When adding water to expansive clays, their molecules are drawn into the space between the clay particles (Figure 2). The permeability coefficient of the lime-treated soil is larger than that of the untreated expansive soil under the same compactness; however, for the approximate dry density, the difference of . Springer, Singapore. The latter affects the distribution of internal stresses between the soil particles (Kehew, 1995). When using expansive soils as a part of your sub-base, for example under a road or building pad, it is imperative that you modify the soil in order to substantially reduce the shrink /swell potential, therefore giving your base a longer life span. Snethen, D. R., Johnson, L. D., and Patrick, D. M. (1977). Expansive Soil in Sudan, BBRI Current Papers. Expansive soils are those which are made of certain kinds of earth. Expansive clay - Wikipedia It indicates the capacity of the soil. Less than 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. Simply put, expansive soils contract and are very hard when dry, then expand and are sticky when wet. There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to effects on prostate volume and residual . Testing of Expansive Clays in a Centrifuge Permeameter, in Pan-Am CGS Geotechnical Conference. Following damages may be . The swelling introduces positive skin friction along the pile and the requirement for force equilibrium means that the positive skin friction extends into the non-swelling soil. FIGURE 8. Expansions of ten percent or more are not uncommon. Such an indicator is easily determined from an existing test and of great help in the practical assessment of expansive soils. Expansive vs Extensive - What's the difference? | WikiDiff Bouassida, M., Ben Ouezdou, M., and Trabelsi, H. (2006). CE32 No.3. FIGURE 3. (A) Sand and an expansive soil S1 inside the oedometer ring. Given the swelling behaviour of this sample, an oedometer swell test was performed and discussed hereafter. * 1855 , Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society (volume 9, page 205) An effectual and unexpensive mode of Protecting Wall-Trees from Spring-Frosts. Asphalt and concrete roads, pads or driveways will crack and shift with expansion and contraction. Google Scholar, Nalbantoglu, Z (2006) Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK, Basha EA, Hashim R, Mahmud HB, Muntohar AS (2004) Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement. Cracks in expansive soil: Desiccation cracks in soil caused by drying. Station, Vicksburg, MS. Report No. Determination of liquid and plastic limit (second revision), IS: 2720 (Part 26)-1987. Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. The results of the moisture content effects on the expansive pressure were not consistent in the literatures. Documented evidence of the existence of and difficult engineering problems associated with expansive clays and loessial soils is world-wide. During time, the swelling rate decreases; in fact, in the intervals time (0; 2000s); (2000; 4,500s); (4,500; 5,000s); (5,000; 6,000s), the swelling rates are equal to 22.4nm/s, 38.5nm/s, 17.1nm/s, 36nm/s and 15nm/s, respectively. For the study two types of soils have been incorporated, an expansive soil (ES): Bentonite, the soil is classied as a clay with high compressibility (CH) type and a non-expansive soil (NES): Kaolinite, the soil is classied as clay with low com-pressibility (CL) type. Such a decision needs a research program that aims to characterize expansive clays suitably and to formulate countermeasures and construction methods to help civil engineers by conducting safe designs and for the execution of foundations on this problematic type of soil. According to Holtz and Gibbs (1956), the conventional oedometer swell test is the most useful and reliable assessment of the swell potential. Determination of free swell index of soils, Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A (2005) Mini compaction test apparatus for fine. Click to Enlarge. The validation of the suggested method of classification needs, first, the collection of a big number of oedometer data, for expansive and non-expansive soils from different case histories. In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. The procedure for success is as follows: Expert assistance is usually needed to do these things successfully. FIGURE 13. These ratios refer to the proportion of tetrahedral sheets to octahedral sheets. Nelson, J. D., Chao, K. C., Overton, D. D., and Nelson, E. J. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IIT Kharagpur. For lightweight aggregate product, see. Expansive soils as used in . Particle size analysis is an important early assessment in the soil classification process. Clay particles are plate-shaped, having a negative charge on their surface in presence of the interstitial water solution and water molecules. (PDF) Identification of expansive soils - ResearchGate Engrg. The best way to conclude if soil is expansive is through site specific laboratory testing. Schemes of (A) expansion of a clay particle and (B) insertion of cations with their relative dimensions (Civan, 2016). map. The damage done by expansive soils is then attributed to poor construction practices or a misconception that all buildings experience this type of damage as they age. relatively low in price or charging low prices; 'it would have been cheap at twice the price'; 'inexpensive family restaurants'; doi:10.1007/s41403-016-0001-9, Athmania, D., Benaissa, A., Hammadi, A., and Bouassida, M. (2010). Clay particles are plate-shaped, having a negative charge on their surface in presence of the interstitial water solution and water molecules. *Note Proper drainage is a must for expansive soil treatment. Expansive soils must be identified during the reconnaissance and preliminary stages of a site investigation in order to determine the best sample and testing methods to use. Then, in colder areas of the great USA, frost can expand water by a whopping 9%! Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. Buildings that have been built on expansive soils without extensive reinforcements may have cracks in foundations, walls, floors or ceilings. Common Methods of Hazardous Waste Disposal The proper management of hazardous waste, including What is an Expansive (Shrink-Swell) Soil? This method of characterization is in accordance with Chen (1988) who stated the swell potential is low when the swell pressure is lower than 50kPa. A filter paper is used to separate the sand layer and the expansive clay layer. Indian Standard IS:1498 (1970). Illite is also a non-expansive clay that is often used in ceramics. Inexpensive definition, not expensive; not high in price; costing little. Mater. One important difference between king and emperor lies in the rules governing succession to the title. Audi S Line Logo Volante Interno Adesivo Emblema Autoadesivo NERO Una scelta saggia Negozi di Flagship Ultimi arrivi, sconti limitati bluebinaries.com, 40 Le migliori offerte per Audi S Line Logo Volante Interno Adesivo Emblema Autoadesivo NERO sono su Confronta prezzi e caratteristiche di prodotti nuovi e usati Molti . This method is fundamen-tally similar to the Tuller and Or (2005) method that is considered to be applicable for soils with SSA < 200 m2=g(Tuller and Or 2005). Building Response to ExcavationInduced Settlement. This paper addressed the study of the classification and mitigation of expansive soils. Cartographie de l'ala retrait-gonflement des argiles dans le dpartement de l'Ille-et-Vilaine. Audi S Line Logo Volante Interno Adesivo Emblema Autoadesivo NERO. Engineering Properties of Expansive Clays. To date, many countries have not yet made financial assessments of the losses related to expansive soil problems. de lquipement N26, 5366. Why? Eur. Also, it is noted when Cc/Cs ratio exceeds 15, the swell pressure is almost zero. 2.2 Testing Procedure. PDF Engineering properties of an expansive soil 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Taki, K., Bhattacharya, P. (2020). This article focuses on how the swelling phenomenon is triggered in expansive clays. One-Dimensional Seepage in Unsaturated, Expansive Soils While cut and fill operations are very expensive, there are other solutions that have been developed and tested over time to treat expansive soils. Keywords: expansive clay, characterization, granular material, swelling pressure, mitigation, oedometer test, compression index, swelling index, Citation: Bouassida M, Manigniavy SA, Azaiez D and Bouassida Y (2022) New Approach for Characterization and Mitigation of the Swelling Phenomenon. Much of the world has at least some documentation of expansive soils. 4th Indian reprint, Pearson Education, Delhi, Fang HY (1991) Foundation Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Company, Ola SA (1975) Stabilization of Nigeria lateritic soils with cement, bitumen and lime. . Comparative Study of Expansive and Non-expansive Soils Stabilized with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). (2017). Second, the implementation of a scaled test model might lead to a better assessment of the use of a granular layer to mitigate the swelling effect. This is because their damage is done slowly and cannot be attributed to a specific event. This article first introduces a new method of characterization of expansive clays after oedometer test results performed on intact saturated clay specimens. Gueddouda, M. K., Goual, I., Lamara, M., and Goual, S. (2013). Azam, S., Ito, M., and Chowdhury, R. (2013). How To Identify Expansive Soils. Civ. Whilst when the Cc/Cs<10, one should consider calculating the swelling pressure.