His environmental photographic study records this uncertainty and documents an important phase, both in the history of Iceland and the US Military. Tactical Support Center Keflavik - U.S. NAVFAC Ramey becomes NAVFAC Punta Borinquen in 1974. Also Air Force component of NATO Iceland Defense Force. When that submarine put into Adak for a medical emergency the detection events were matched to the submarine's logs ending the disbelief the "Soviet" contact was actually a U.S. Relive & share the memories of your service time with your brothers & sisters in arms today. The 85th Group continued to support rotational deployments until it was inactivated during a ceremony on 28 June 2006, as a result of the USAF reduction in forces in Iceland. Yes, I was a plank owner. CRm0]T[eNdMF}165}1~tRweTU9JwNP*r%9s7TiBPddB|Xq0L`uN9L'84QRAEP)S=`(0a%&L&HWhbx:A3SJmYD!%t* GD/\&a{VKO}*~m=?sH1-W|$2be':B@ukQ}Pv=rFU{]fz6azpw0g"[\c29'5m3Hl/rK` '~~$G? pJWz\dS//T,HL% e Be%n`rny]&}225V;$VEzjW 7? . If you would like to find more information about benefits offered by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, please visit the official U.S. government web site for veterans benefits at. No permanent basing for Navy sub hunters in Iceland despite [7], On 1 October 1979 Tactical Air Command (TAC) absorbed ADC's assets, and the F-4E Phantom II aircraft of the 57th Fighter Interceptor Squadron (57 FIS). The United States provided all the maintenance and operation of the airport through an American civilian contractor. Augmenting these local improvements was the increased central processing in centers that eventually became the Naval Oceanographic Processing Facilities. with playing a significant role in deterrence. This research and development effort was given the name Project Jezebel. PDF: NAVFAC Pacific Organizational Chart February 2022. wb. endobj The Ocean System commands, COMOCEANSYSLANT (COSL) and COMOCEANSYSPAC (COSP), then began to reflect their true nature as Undersea Surveillance commands COMUNDERSEASURVLANT (CUSL) and COMUNDERSEASURVPAC (CUSP) under the Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) name that had come into effect in 1985 as systems other than fixed emerged. Now the world has changed and we are facing a war on terrorism. Between 1952 and 2006, Air Forces Iceland provided air defense for Iceland, operated Keflavik Airport, and furnished base support for all U.S. military forces in Iceland participating in its defense under NATO. NAVFAC Keflavik played . That old application of Artemis caused some confusion.[26]. It was the primary cuing system which antisubmarine forces used to localize and potentially destroy targets for over forty years but secrecy largely kept that fact from the fleet. Keflavik is also home to Keflavik International Airport, the airport where most fly into when they come to Iceland. Glenn H. Shira February 18, 2014 at 12:46pm. The ROCC remained active until the turnover of the facility in 2006. [3], In 1974 Naval Facility Brawdy, Wales was established as the terminus of new arrays covering the eastern Atlantic. During the height of the Cold War in the 1980s, Keflavik also hosted rotational E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft and KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft from CONUS to support the air defense mission and rotational HC-130 Hercules aircraft from RAF Woodbridge from the 67th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron to support their detachment of Keflavik-based HH-3 Jolly Green Giant and later HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters in their search and rescue mission. [35], In 1975 Mizar left Naval Research Laboratory service and joined Project Caesar. During 1958 the remainder of the Pacific stations at Naval Facility Point Sur and Centerville Beach in California and Pacific Beach, Washington, and Coos Head near Coos Bay, Oregon were installed. Cable laying was a capability AT&T and other entities had developed for decades for commercial communications cables. Even the Fleet had little knowledge of the system or its function. [1][3] The need to better understand the acoustic environment drove much of the oceanographic research by both the Navy and institutions with Navy funding for oceanography. Yes I enjoyed Iceland! The NAVFAC watch floor had banks of displays using electrostatic paper, similar to that used for echograms in depth finders. NAVFAC Keflavik, Iceland 22 Members You need to be a member of Navy Veterans to add comments! Nato Base Keflavik Airport Base History - Nat [1][2] As a result, the Navy formed a study group designated Project Hartwell, named for the University of Pennsylvania's Dr. G.P. Over the next three decades, more systems were added; NAVFAC Keflavik, Iceland in 1966 and NAVFAC Guam in 1968 being examples of expansion beyond the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific. The shallow water system at Argentia was deactivated. The commands and personnel were covered by the "oceanographic" term until 1991 when the mission was declassified. Was with FASron107 1959 until the commissioning of NAF Keflavik in 1960. Copyright MilitaryBases.us About - DMCA - Privacy Policy - Terms of Use, This is a private website that is not affiliated with the U.S. government, U.S. Armed Forces, or Department of Veterans Affairs. U.S. government agencies have not reviewed this information. NAVFAC Barbers Point closes with acoustic data directed to NOPF, Ford Island. Name changed in June 2019 to, Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap, Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Shelburne, Nova Scotia, Golf II-class ballistic missile submarine, Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Acoustic Research Kaneohe Alaska (PARKA) II, "How the ocean grew 'ears' to pinpoint missile shots", Naval Information Warfare Systems Command, Integrated Undersea Surveillance System insignia, "SOSUS The "Secret Weapon" of Undersea Surveillance", "Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) History 1950 - 2010", Report on Security of Overseas Transport. The Keflavk Naval Air Station was built by the US Military during WWII. MATS (later Military Airlift Command and Air Mobility Command) units remained at the airport until the withdrawal of United States military units from Iceland in 2006. It took five years for Bureau of Personnel to create the rating of Ocean Technician [OT]. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the system was opened to tactical use and the fleet began to see the contact information in other formats readily understandable by fleet antisubmarine forces. The US pulled out of Iceland about 2 years ago and Iceland is in the process of City-Data Forum > General Forums . A crash reconstruction program was initiated and temporary housing was erected during the construction of permanent housing. [3][32] The old station is now home of the Gerace Research Center. NAVFAC Bermuda data is routed to Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) at Dam Neck. Systems terminating at Naval Facility Cape Hatteras and Naval Facility Antigua and two Evaluation Centers, forerunners of NOPFs, were established in New York and Norfolk during 1956. The Icelandic government turned them down. NAVFAC Keflavik was commissioned 1 March 1966 with nine officers and sixty-nine enlisted personnel, eventually reaching 15 officers and 163 enlisted. Air Defense Command (ADC) established a temporary radar station at the airport, equipped with World War II-era AN/TPS-1 and AN/TPS-3A radars that operated until a permanent radar station could be constructed at nearby Rockville AS. During 1994 Canadian Forces Shelburne, Nova Scotia closes as does NAVFAC Argentia with HMCS Trinity established at Halifax Nova Scotia with operation as Canadian Forces IUSS Centre (CFIC). The projects support the European Deterrence Initiative (EDI) which is implemented by the US European Command. NAS Keflavik features prominently in Tom Clancy's 1986 techno-thriller novel Red Storm Rising. But what will not change is our friendship and partnership with Iceland.. [15], The system's first station came on line before there was any signature library of Soviet submarine acoustic characteristics while submerged. With the end of the war in Europe, Keflavik Airport became a transit point for aircraft returning from the European Theater of Operations to the United States. Is the US Navy returning?Currently the Keflavk Airbaseis being used by planes from the US and other NATO members (Iceland is a member nation). [3], In 1965 Flyer was acquired as a bathymetric survey ship. On 8 September 2006, NASKEF's last commanding officer, Capt. The active mode was named by engineers developing the technique "Julie" after a burlesque dancer whose "performance could turn passive buoys active. [citation needed], In 1974, the left-wing Government of Iceland's new proposal to close the base triggered a petition that garnered 55,000 signatures, about a quarter of the population of the entire nation. [3][34][note 10] The facility (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}515215.3N 0050813.8W / 51.870917N 5.137167W / 51.870917; -5.137167) was adjacent to the Royal Air Force Station Brawdy which had returned to RAF control during February 1974 after closure in 1971. With closure of NAVFAC Brawdy and its array data remoted to Joint Maritime Facility (JMF), St Mawgan the later Integrated Undersea Surveillance System character of the consolidated, joint centers was achieved. Keflavk - A Historical Town of Iceland - Iceland Travel Guide SOSUS shore terminal processing stations were designated with the vague, generic name of Naval Facility (NAVFAC). The lack of strong fleet support was a factor when budget cuts after the Cold War fell heavily on the surveillance program. 2nd Fleet Leads Naval Forces From Iceland - United States Navy Under the indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity contracts, over the next five years, each company will receive funds ranging from $1,000 to $950m in total to work on seven different ABMS product categories. Please send me. Post author: Post published: June 12, 2022 Post category: is kiefer sutherland married Post comments: add the comment and therapists to the selected text add the comment and therapists to the selected text If you served in NAVFAC Keflavik, Iceland, Join TWS for free to reconnect with service friends. New coaxial multiplexed commercial telephone system cable, designated SB, using a single wire for all hydrophones allowed major changes with the prototype installed in 1962 at Eleuthera. Over 1,000 intercepts of Soviet aircraft took place inside Iceland's military air defense identification zone (ADIZ). [1][3][6] The origin of the project name was explained by Dr. Robert Frosch to Senator Stennis during a 1968 hearing. "[13] The cover extended to the names of the commands and training of personnel with overall commands designated Ocean Systems Atlantic and Ocean Systems Pacific, and terms such as Ocean Technician [OT] and Oceanographic Research Watch Officer given to Naval Facility personnel. Cable technology made it possible to site arrays further from shore into the ocean basins. Blog Home Uncategorized navfac keflavik, iceland. [1][21] By the 1980s improved communications technology allowed the array data once processed in individual Naval Facilities to be sent to central processing centers (Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF)) for centralized processing of multiple fixed and mobile array information. During the height of the Cold War, this access situation created definitive operational security (OPSEC) concerns by U.S. and NATO officials due to potential espionage activities by Soviet operatives masquerading as Icelandic nationals. NAVFAC Lewes, Delaware closed that year. The individual arrays were installed primarily on continental slopes and seamounts at the axis of the deep sound channel and normal to the direction in which they were to cover. NAVAL AIR STATION NAS KEFLAVIK ICELAND HAT PATCH CAP US NAVY VETERAN PILOT CREW. The two new ships were to be designed as modern cable ships, fully capable of cable and survey work. [citation needed]. In military construction hearings during 1964 before the Senate Committee on Armed Services the request for funding of recreational and other support buildings for the Naval Facility Cape Hatteras the Navy noted it was part of a program supporting continental air and missile defense forces without mention of its role in tracking Soviet missile submarines. In July 1985, F-15Cs and F-15Ds replaced the aging F-4s, and the tail code "IS" was assigned to Air Forces Iceland (AFI). As a result of the Hartwell group's recommendations, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) contracted with American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), with its Bell Laboratories research and Western Electric manufacturing elements, to develop a long range, passive detection system, based on bottom arrays of hydrophones. These are the U. S. Naval Facilities. If you worked at or supported the Naval Facility on NAS Keflavik, you are. The Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington has used the system for Ocean Acoustic Tomography. [citation needed]. NAVFAC Brawdy became the first "super NAVFAC" with some four hundred U.S. and United Kingdom military and civilian personnel assigned. For many, the hardest part is saying goodbye to host nation counterparts that have helped build the bases strong legacy. At that time the order for stations was increased from six to nine. The understanding of the ocean acoustic environment made the system possible rather than development of new technology. On 1 October 1994, the 35th Wing was inactivated at Keflavik and reactivated that same day at Misawa Air Base in Misawa, Japan. Another agreement signed between the United States and Iceland in 1946 permitted continued use of the base by the United States. The upgrade would allow the hangar to house patrol planes hunting for Russian submarines in the North Atlantic. The system, using equipment termed Low Frequency Analyzer and Recorder and a process termed Low Frequency Analysis and Recording, both with the acronym LOFAR, was to be based on AT&T's sound spectrograph, developed for speech analysis and modified to analyze low-frequency underwater sounds. The early arrangement can be seen in the vertical photograph of Naval Facility Nantucket and later in the photograph of Naval Facility Brawdy below. The transition was completed by September 30, 2006. In a separate development, the Department of the Air Force has chosen 15 additional companies to participate to develop new capabilities for Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS). [22], Cable technology and signal processing improved and upgrades were made to the original installations. In response, on 10 May 1940 the people of Reykjavk awoke to the sight of a British invasion force. The Detachment 4 of the US Air Force (USAF) Installation and Mission Support Center has awarded three contracts with a total value of $38m to upgrade the airfield infrastructure at Naval Air Station Keflavik in Iceland. When USSThresher sank in 1963, SOSUS helped determine its location. * United States Air Forces units changed from host to tenant status on 1 July 1961, when the U.S. Air Force awards multiple contracts for airfield construction at NAS [16][17], The first detection of Soviet Victor- and Charlie-class submarines was in 1968 with systems terminating at the facility followed by the first detection of a Soviet Delta Class Nuclear submarine in 1974. Naval Facility Keflivik - Navy Veterans Jurisdiction of the airport was assumed by Military Air Transport Service (MATS). [3], The Navy operational side, taking over when the systems were accepted and turned over for operation, came under Commander, Oceanographic System Atlantic (COMOCEANSYSLANT) in 1954. Point Sur acoustic data was routed to NAVFAC Centerville. In 1962, the detections were published at the secret level by Commander, Alaskan Sea Frontier, and these reports were pushed up the chain of command. [3], Six Pacific coast systems had been planned but only five Naval Facilities were constructed. The terminal buildings within were double fenced with separate entry security. [1][3][18], From 219 January 1952 the British cable layer Alert installed the first full sized, 1,000ft (304.8m) long, forty transducer element operational array in 240 fathoms (1,440.0ft; 438.9m) off Eleuthera in the Bahamas. [10], The first women were assigned to NAVFAC Eleuthera when an officer and ten enlisted women were assigned in 1972. "[8], Related research, based at Columbia University's Hudson Laboratory, was designated Project Michael. Returned to control of Icelandic Government on 7 April 1947; returned to joint Icelandic-USAF control, 23 May 1951. AFCEC Facility Engineering Directorate director Col David Norton said: The airforce depends on the technical expertise of the professionals from AFCEC and Det. Mark S. Laughton, the air stations final commanding officer. yb. DOCUMENT CERTIFIED TO BE UNCLASSIFIED BY certified to be unclassified Experienced operators that could detect subtle differences and with practice could detect faint signatures of targets were vital to detection. British and US Forces then begin joint, combined operations at NOPF Dam Neck. Extensive changes both with shore and sea assets take place over the following years as post Cold War missions change and systems are applied in new ways. Meanwhile, Project Jezebel and Project Michael focused on studying long range acoustics in the ocean. NAVFAC KEFLAVIC ICELAND. 23. [30], In 1980 consolidation and elimination of expensive individual facilities was made possible by the Wideband Acoustic Data Relay (WADR) first installed at Midway Island in January 1982 so that the two Midway arrays could eventually be remoted directly to NOPF Ford Island. Naval Hospital Keflavik and the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) shore terminal at Naval Facility (NAVFAC) Keflavik. The Army National Guard units and Interim Marine Security Forces stormed the lava fields surrounding the base during training exercises such as Northern Viking. MILITARY UNITS - NAVFAC KEFLAVIC ICELAND VetFriends Veteran ID Card Quick Links. The unclassified name Project Caesar was used to cover the installation of the system and a cover story developed regarding the shore stations, identified only as a Naval Facility (NAVFAC), being for oceanographic research. SOSUS then became the major collector of Soviet submarine signatures and "boot strapped" itself to becoming the primary signature library for itself and becoming the major intelligence source for all other Navy acoustic sensor systems. [3], In 1962 a new system was installed terminating at Naval Facility Adak in the Aleutians. [note 6] The upgrades made possible by the multiplexed coaxial cable were designated Caesar Phase III. Do you have NAVFAC KEFLAVIK ICELAND Reunion information you'd like to share. Those were followed by remoting Hawaii's Barber's Point in 1985, the Pacific Northwest arrays at Pacific Beach and Coos Head in 1987, and Bermuda in the Atlantic in 1992. Hover to zoom. Have lunch. submarine.[15][38][39]. An indication of ranges is the first detection, recognition and reporting of a Soviet nuclear submarine coming into the Atlantic through the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap by an array terminating at NAVFAC Barbados on 6 July 1962. In September 1972 a third generation coaxial cable, again based on commercial developments at Bell Labs and designated SD-C, was installed for the system terminating at Naval Facility Centerville Beach, California. In 1990 officers were authorized to wear IUSS insignia. Join our weekly hand curated newsletter to have all the latest news from Iceland sent to you. [3] Due to the fact that the SOSUS community departed from the usual Navy cultural routine, with repeat assignments within the small community, women were able to serve in a warfare specialty without shipboard duty that was still being denied. The highly classified program was behind the "Green Door" which became a name for the program itself as well as being seen as a term for the secrecy. If you worked at or supported the Naval Facility on NAS Keflavik, you are more than welcome to join. PME-124 and PMW-180 were the program manager's office designations. May 20, 2021; kate taylor jersey channel islands; someone accused me of scratching their car . NAS Keflavik, Iceland was located on the Reykjanes peninsula on the south-west portion of the island. As a result, people in the fleet often did not know of the system's dedicated antisubmarine mission. An associated program. navfac keflavik, icelandcapricorn and virgo flirting. Office of Air Force History, Fletcher, Harry R., Air Force Bases Volume II, Active Air Force Bases outside the United States of America on 17 September 1982, Office of Air Force History, 1989, Hill, Mike and Campbell, John, Tactical Air Command An Illustrated History 19461992, 2001, Martin, Patrick, Tail Code: The Complete History Of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings, 1994, Maurer Maurer, Air Force Combat Units Of World War II, Office of Air Force History, 1983, Ravenstein, Charles A., Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 19471977, Office of Air Force History, 1984. [citation needed]. Rather than prosecute the contacts and reveal how closely the system could track the submarines, the SAC bases put more bombers on ready alert assuming the Soviets would notice. A reception following the ceremony provided time for Sailors and Icelanders to spend a few last light-hearted moments together. Most of this work was completed by 1957. On 26 October the government of Iceland established the Keflavik Airport Development Corporation or Kadeco which was given the task of converting those portions of the base no longer needed into civilian use. There were more than 25 different commands of various sizes and personnel from the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard in Iceland. The base was regularly visited by the American military and other NATO allies for military exercises, NATO Air Policing, and other tasks. Donald, David, "Century Jets USAF Frontline Fighters of the Cold War". [3][4], That group also recommended a system to monitor low-frequency sound in the SOFAR channel using multiple listening sites equipped with hydrophones and a processing facility that could calculate submarine positions over hundreds of miles. The flight line served as a launching point for U. S. Air Force F-15 fighters. [22][23], The first systems were limited by the commercial telephone cable technology for the application requiring a shore facility within about 150nmi (170mi; 280km) from the array and thus within that distance from the continental shelf locations suitable for the array. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the US began to . The Hartwell panel recommended spending of US$10,000,000 (equivalent to $113,890,000 in 2021) annually to develop systems to counter the Soviet submarine threat consisting primarily of a large fleet of diesel submarines. The Keflavk Naval Air Station was built by the US Military during WWII. This, and later specialized, sonobuoys equipped with a small explosive charge could be used in an active mode to detect the echo off the target. [3], SOSUS systems consisted of bottom-mounted hydrophone arrays connected by underwater cables to facilities ashore. The Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) appears to be a "super NAVFAC" with processing of multiple array data, often by joint allied forces. "[3], USNSImpeccable(T-AGOS-23) is commissioned as the first SURTASS/Low Frequency Active (LFA) surveillance ship in 2000. Whether you're a current student, parent, player, fan or alumni, you'll find over 500 products to customize from, including Keflavik Naval Air Station T-Shirts, Sweatshirts, Hats, Jerseys and more. Have one to sell? navfac keflavik, iceland The American base staff had their own names for various places in Iceland, e.g., "Kef" for Keflavk and "Hurdygurdy" for Hverageri. bm. When Bragi visited, the station, with all its buildings and structures, had been presented to the Icelandic authorities. <> Further NAVFACs shut down in 1976 with NAVFACs Punta Borinquen and Nantucket decommissioned. Reply to hi. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography were also tasked to develop an understanding of long-range sound transmission under Project Michael. Tactical Support Center, Keflavik - GlobalSecurity.org It was implemented as a chain of underwater hydrophone arrays linked by cable, based on commercial telephone technology, to shore stations located around the western Atlantic Ocean from Nova Scotia to Barbados. [3], Artemis was an experiment with a large active source. The Reykavk Grapevine is Iceland's biggest, best and most widely read English-language publication. [citation needed]. Not all personnel assigned to the facility had access to the operational part of the installations. Region: Reykjanes. U.S. 2nd Fleet (C2F) has temporarily established an expeditionary Maritime Operations Center (MOC) in Keflavik, Iceland, to provide the U.S. There were occasional slips. Since May 2008 Keflavik has periodically hosted NATO fighter, AWACS and support aircraft participating in Icelandic Air Policing deployments. Artemis, goddess of the hunt, stood for those cleared for Frederick V. Hunt and his idea of a passive system like SOSUS in his May 1950 report. Icelandic nationals were only barred from actual security-restricted military facilities such as aircraft parking areas, squadron and hangar facilities and classified operations centers. More. The signatures available were of surfaced submarines from other sources. We are changing how we plan and prepare for this war. [3], The LOFARgram representation of acoustics in black, gray and white with an operator trained and adapted to interpreting that display was the critical link in the system. Also in 1968, SOSUS played a key role in locating the wreckage of the US nuclear attack submarine USSScorpion, lost near the Azores in May. The primary mission of Naval Air Station Keflavik was to maintain and operate facilities and provide services and material to support operations of aviation activities and units of the operating forces of the Navy and other activities and units, as designated by the Chief of Naval Operations. Though reluctant to sanction the stationing of foreign troops in significant numbers on their soil, Icelandic officials decided in light of the fact they had no standing army to speak of, that membership in NATO alone was not a sufficient defense; and at the request of NATO, Iceland entered into a defense agreement with the United States directly[citation needed]. Intended as a temporary wartime base under an agreement with Iceland and the British, U.S. forces withdrew by 1947 but returned in 1951 as the Iceland Defense Force resident on a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) base. [16], The original Naval Facilities and later, consolidated, processing centers were high security installations characterized by an outer security fence and gate checkpoint. The base played a key role in patrolling the GIUK gap, Greenland-Iceland-UK, through which all Soviet long range aircraft or submarines had to pass before entering the Atlantic. [12] The unclassified name Project Caesar was given to cover development and installation of the resulting system. Keflavik, Iceland Naval Security Group Activity The U.S. The Detachment 4 of the US Air Force (USAF) Installation and Mission Support Center has awarded three contracts with a total value of $38m to upgrade the airfield infrastructure at Naval Air Station Keflavik in Iceland. That year the system got Chief of Naval Operations tasking to report whale detections. I will really miss this place, said Master-at-Arms 1st Class (FMF) John Richardson, who led the Honor Guard during the ceremony. The sixth array, requiring redesign of the cable and repeater system, was thus terminated at Naval Facility Pacific Beach, making it a dual array facility. In 2003 the new Advanced Deployable System (ADS) completes dual array testing. New signal processing capabilities allowed for innovations such as the split array in which a single line array was divided into segments, each separately processed, then electronically recombined to form narrower beams for better bearing and cross fixes between arrays. An example was subject to a box piece in the January 5, 1981 issue of Newsweek titled "A Soviet War of Nerves" concerning an incident from August 1978.